Interactions between mantle plumes and mid-ocean ridgesJennifer E. Georgen
author: Jennifer E. Georgegan
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size: 69,85 MB
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This paper examines the interaction between mid-ocean ridges and mantle plumes. Chapter 1 examines the impact of the Marion and Bouvet hotspots on the very slowly spreading, highly dispersed Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR). Gravity data show that Marion and Bouvet shift the large-magnitude Bouguer anomaly to the ridge axis and suggest that large-displacement shifts may reduce cloud flow along the axis. Chapter 2 presents a series of 3D numerical models designed to quantify the sensitivity of plume-driven axial mantle flow to drift length, diffusion rate, and transitions in mantle viscous structure. Calculations show that large-displacement transformations in ultra-slow propagation environments can indeed significantly reduce cloud dispersal. Chapter 3, Helium isotope systematics along the western SWIR (9° - 24° E), reports uniformly low 3He/He ratios of 6.3-7.3 RIRa, compared to 8+1 R values for normal mid-ocean ridge basalts . There is no evidence of a Bouvet array effect in this part of the SWIR due to the elevated 3He/4He ratio. Chapter 4 discusses three-dimensional flow and temperature patterns in the mantle below the ridge-ridge-ridge (TJ) triple junction. For the slowest propagating ridges, model results for TJs unaffected by hotspots, such as the Rodriguez TJ, predict (1) increased temperature and updraft velocity within a few hundred kilometers of the TJ to approach the fastest propagating ridges, and (2) A strong component axial flow away from the TJ. For TJs affected by hotspots, such as the Azores TJ, this axial flow is expected to keep the hotspot thermal anomaly away from its deep source.
Interactions between mantle plumes and mid-ocean ridgesback
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size: 15,59 MB
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Funding is provided by the National Science Foundation through grants OCE-9811924 and OCE-9907630 and the Defense and Engineering Graduate Fellowship.
Feather Crown InteractiveNapisan Eric L. Mittelstaedt
author: Eric L. Mittelstadt
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size: 24,24 MB
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Manifestations of plume-ridge interactions occur in ocean basins. There are currently at least 21 hotspots interacting with nearby coral reefs, representing 15-20% of the global mid-ocean coral reef network. These interactions lead to a number of anomalies, including topographic elevation, negative gravity anomalies, and irregular crust formation. One form of abnormal crustal production is the formation of volcanic formations between hot spots and nearby mid-ocean ridges. In addition, observations suggest that plumes tend to "capture" nearby mid-ocean ridges through asymmetric spreading, enhanced mid-ocean ridge spreading, and discrete mid-ocean ridge axis shifts, or mid-ocean ridge hopping. The initiation of ridge jumps and the formation of off-axis volcanic formations may involve similar processes and may be closely related.
Interaction of mantle plumes and oceanic ridgeswhat gordon rowan
author: what a gordon rowan
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size: 36,57 MB
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mid-ocean ridgeby JR Cann
author: JR Kan
Publisher:Cambridge University Press
ISBN:9780521585224
size: 19,76 MB
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It covers the most important issues that occur on mid-ocean ridges; for geoscientists.
Numerical and laboratory experiments on the dynamics of cloud-interactive progress reportingback
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size: 21,52 MB
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Mantle plumes and passive subridge upwelling are the two dominant modes of mantle transport and heat/chemical fluxes between the Earth's deep interior and the surface. Although plumes and ridges independently contribute to crustal accretion, they also interact, and plume spreading in the upper mantle is strongly regulated by mid-ocean ridges. The simplest interaction mode, with a feather in the center of the tip, has been documented and modeled in detail. The remaining question is how plumes and ridges interact when the plume is off-axis; it has been suggested that pipe-like flow may develop from the off-axis cloud to the ridge axis at the base of the rigid lithosphere. Mid-ocean ridges migrating away from hot mantle plumes may experience plume shedding over the long time and distance of ridge migration. An important feature of the model is that the off-axis plume communicates with the oceanic ridge through a channel created by the fracture and dispersion of axisymmetric plume bundles along the bottom of the inclined lithosphere. To test the dynamics of the model, a series of numerical and laboratory dynamic experiments were carried out for both fixed ridge and off-axis buoyancy problems. Result of discussion.
Central Mantle Ridge InteractionsWritten by Garretta Tetsuo Ito
author: Tetsuo Ito
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size: 80,89 MB
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Featherboards and Examplesautora Gillian R. Foulger
author: Gillian R. Folger
Publisher:American Geological Society
ISBN:0813723884
size: 32,22 MB
Format:PDF, ePub, document
view:668
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ophiolite and oceanic crustAuthor Yildirim Wish
author: Yildirim's Wish
Publisher:American Geological Society
ISBN:9780813723495
size: 48,21 MB
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Proceedings of the conference held in Marshall, CA, September 1998 contained 39 papers on the following topics: ophiolites, oceanic crust, and global tectonics; oceanic lower crust and upper mantle; structure and physical properties of the upper oceanic crust; hydrothermal processes ; Pacific ophiolites; and ophiolites from the Iapetus, Rhea-Pleonian, Neotethian, and Indian Oceans. The authors include scientists with extensive experience in structural geology, tectonics, geophysics, petrology, and geochemistry. Includes many black and white illustrations (and one color illustration). Please note Copyright © Book News Inc., Portland, Oregon
galapagos islandsby Karen S. Harpp
author: Karen Harp
Publisher:john wiley & sons
ISBN:1118852680
size: 19,60 MB
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The Galapagos Islands are known for their unique flora and fauna, which inspired Charles Darwin to develop his theory of evolution. However, in Voyages of the Beagle, published in 1839, Darwin also drew attention to the fascinating geological and volcanic origins of these fascinating islands. Since then, the Galapagos Islands have continued to provide scientists with inspiration and invaluable information about the formation and evolution of ocean islands, mantle plumes and the depths of the Earth. Inspired by Chapman's multidisciplinary conference on the archipelago, this AGU volume contains an interdisciplinary collection of the latest research on the origin and nature of oceanic islands, from their deepest places in the Earth's mantle, to volcanic activity, surface processes and the interface between geology and biodiversity. Highlights include: Case studies from biogeography, hydrology and chronology Understanding the relationship between geological processes and biodiversity Synthesizing decades of interdisciplinary research on physical processes from the surface to the depths of the Earth An in-depth introduction to islands A Natural Laboratory for Geoscientists The Galapagos Islands brings together case studies illustrating the Galapagos Islands as a dynamic natural laboratory for geosciences. This book will be of particular interest to multidisciplinary Earth science readers, including petrologists, volcanologists, geochronologists, geochemists, and geobiologists.
Mantle Plumes and Their Effectsby Mainak Choudhury
author: Meynak Chowdhury
Publisher:sweater
ISBN:3319442392
size: 64,98 MB
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This book briefly summarizes the current academic understanding of the plume hypothesis, its superficial performance and shortcomings. It also describes methods for estimating the history of regional uplift due to cloud activity. Various models of the elastic properties of the lithosphere and their assessment as a background to the location of the mantle plume are discussed, and a plume hypothesis is proposed, which describes the main types of mantle plumes and their impact on the lithosphere. Two chapters are devoted to the dynamic and persistent topography produced by the influence of cloud heads below the lithosphere and their assessment. The historical background, criticisms, and alternatives to the plume hypothesis are also presented.
Biogeochemistry of cobalt in the Sargasso SeaMak A. Saito
author: Mak A. Saito
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size: 49,74 MB
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The processes that allow marine phytoplankton to extract trace metals are key to our understanding of primary productivity and the global carbon cycle. Here, the biogeochemistry of cobalt is investigated using analytical chemistry and physiological experiments with the dominant phytoplankton Prochlorococcus. A highly sensitive co-speciation method was developed by stripping voltammetry using a mercury suspended cathode. Dissolved CO from the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) station in the Sargasso Sea is bound by strong organic complexes with a conditional stability constant of logK=16.3 +/- 0.9. During 1999, a two-week time series of total cobalt measurements by the MITESS detector near Bermuda ranged from 0-47 pM, averaging 20 +/- 10 pM in 1999. Total cobalt transected from BATS to US coastal waters ranged from 19-133 pM and was negatively correlated with salinity (r(sup 2)=0.93). Prochlorococcus strains MED4-Ax and SS120 showed an absolute requirement for Co despite high Zn content. Co-57 uptake and growth rates were increased by addition of low-Co filtered cultures, indicating the presence of ligands that promote Co uptake. Co-occluded cultures of Prochlorococcus showed an increased proportion of cells in G2 compared with other phases of the cell cycle during exponential growth, and the duration of this phase increased with decreasing cobalt concentrations.
ridge eventback
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size: 19,74 MB
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Seabed and Ocean Researchanthony joseph
author: Anthony Joseph
Publisher:Elsevier
ISBN:0128093633
size: 49,87 MB
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Seabed and Ocean Exploration: From Mud Volcanoes to Giant Squids offers a bottom-up tour of the world's oceans, uncovering the mysteries hidden in the oceans from a variety of scientific perspectives. Beginning with discussions of Earth formation, hot spots, ocean ridges, plate tectonics, trenches, and cold seeps, topics covered include the role of the oceans in the origin of life, tidal vents, thermal effects, ecosystem services, marine life, and nutraceuticals and medicines resource. . This unique resource provides insights into the vast array of questions scientists continue to ask about a wide range of ocean and seafloor research. This is a unique study of the ocean, providing important perspectives for researchers, practitioners and scientists in all ocean-related fields. Includes chapters on a variety of scientific disciplines, giving readers the opportunity to gain insight into a variety of marine research topics. Provides useful nutrition and medicine at the origin of catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, internal waves, and tides
down jacketJoachima Ritra
author: Joachim Ritter
Publisher:Springer Science and Business Media
ISBN:3540680462
size: 37,65 MB
Format:PDF
view:516
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The concept of mantle plumes is central to understanding intraplate volcanism in modern plate tectonics. Recent advances in instrumentation, analysis, and satellite technology have enabled scientists to test cloud hypotheses using seismic tomography, isotope geochemistry, and other advanced techniques. In this book, a group of experts reviews the progress of cloud research and provides an overview of recent cloud research.
Plate plumes and planetary processesautora Gillian R. Foulger
author: Gillian R. Folger
Publisher:American Geological Society
ISBN:0813724309
size: 19,15 MB
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It provides a series of articles discussing various assumptions and models of planetary clouds.
active volcano in southwestern indian oceanPatrick Bacheleri
author: Patrick Bacheleri
Publisher:sweater
ISBN:3642313957
size: 27,99 MB
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Piton de la Fournaise and Karthala are shield volcanoes in the southwestern Indian Ocean. This publication summarizes the work done on these very active basalt volcanoes. Piton de la Fournaise has a long history of scientific research and monitoring, with extensive data collected from recent eruptions. It is undoubtedly one of the most well-studied volcanoes in the world. The work presented in this monograph covers aspects of geology, geophysics, geochemistry, and petrology, and also includes studies in physical geography, natural hazards, and sociological and behavioral methods. Kartala Volcano may be lesser known, but it draws an interesting comparison to Piton de la Fournaise. Although it is located near the Hawaiian volcano, it differs from the Hawaiian volcano in that its magma is more alkaline and more active. Inactive. It has also been monitored for more than 25 years, causing unusual eruptions in recent years.
Geophysics Papersback
author:
Publisher:Elsevier
ISBN:0444538038
size: 42,58 MB
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A Treatise on Geophysics, Second Edition is a comprehensive and in-depth study of geophysics, going beyond what has been contained in any previous geophysics text. Extensively revised and updated, it provides basic and state-of-the-art coverage of all aspects of geophysics. The second edition concludes with a new volume on near-surface geophysics, which discusses the role of geophysics in the development and conservation of natural resources and in assessing the degradation of natural systems due to pollution. Additional features include new material in books such as Planets and Moons, Mantle Dynamics, Core Dynamics, Crust and Lithospheric Dynamics, Earth Evolution, and Geodesy. New material on applications for measuring Earth's gravity is also presented. This degree is required for specialists, researchers, professors and senior undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of geophysics and earth system science. Covers all aspects of geophysics in comprehensive detail Provides basic and advanced discussions of all research topics Integrate topics into a coherent whole
Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysicsby Harsha Gupte
author: Ostra Gupta
Publisher:Springer Science and Business Media
ISBN:904818701X
size: 72,72 MB
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Over the past few decades, we have witnessed the evolution of Earth science in the search for knowledge and understanding of our planet. This development embodies the ambition to harness the benefits of nature to enrich human life and preserve the planet for future generations. Solid Geophysics aims to define and quantify the internal structure and processes of the Earth in terms of physical principles and to create an internal framework for more detailed study by other related disciplines. The first edition of the Solid Earth Encyclopedia of Geophysics was published by Van Nostrand Reinhold in 1989. More than twenty years later, this new series edited by the professor. Harsh K. Gupta is a thoroughly revised and expanded reference. Contains more than 200 articles covering established and emerging concepts in subdisciplines of geophysics such as gravity, geodesy, magnetism, seismology, seismicity, deep Earth processes, plate tectonics, thermal domains, computational methods etc., along with consistent formats and standards. An authoritative, up-to-date reference on a wide range of topics. It draws unique strength from the professional contributions of editors and authors from around the world. It is intended to serve as an invaluable resource for current and future generations of professionals.
Geological Encyclopediaback
author:
Publisher:academic press
ISBN:0081029098
size: 36,26 MB
Format:PDF, Mobile
view:1968
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Divided into six volumes, the second edition of the Encyclopedia of Geology presents state-of-the-art reviews of all aspects of geological research, all of which have developed significantly since the first edition was written. New areas of discussion include extinctions, the origin of life, plate tectonics and its impact on fauna, new types of mineral and hydrocarbon deposits, new methods of rock dating and geological processes. Users will find it an important resource for teachers and students of geology as well as non-geologists and professionals looking for reviews of the latest geological research. It provides a comprehensive and easily accessible comprehensive resource in geology, explaining the methods and technical terms used in the field. It draws attention to the connections between geology and the other physical and biological sciences, addressing research questions that cut across many fields. It fills in critical information gaps. An area where significant progress has been made in recent years. It provides an ideal reference for a wide range of earth and environmental scientists